1 Nathan M. Greenfield, The Damned: The Canadians at the
Battle of Hong Kong and the POW Experience, 1941– 45 (Toronto:
Harper Collins, 2010), 8.
2 Carl Vincent, No Reason Why: The
Canadian Hong Kong Tragedy, An Examination (Stittsville,
Ontario: Canada’s Wings, 1981), 24.
3 Merrily Weisbord and
Merilyn Simonds Mohr, The Valour and the Horror: The Untold
Story of Canadians in the Second World War (Toronto:
HarperCollins, 1991), 13.
4 Douglas E. Delaney, The Imperial
Army Project: Britain and the Land Forces of the Dominions and
India, 1902– 1945 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017), 5,
305.
5 Carl Berger, The Sense of Power: Studies in the Ideas
of Canadian Imperialism 1867–1914 (Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1970), 3.
6 Ibid., 264–265.
7 George
Grant, Lament for a Nation: The Defeat of Canadian Nationalism
(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1965), 72.
8 Maurice Pope,
Soldiers and Politicians: The Memoirs of Lt.-Gen. Maurice A.
Pope, (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962), 53.
9
Galen Roger Perras and Katrina E. Kellner, “‘A Perfectly Logical
and Sensible Thing’: Billy Mitchell Advocates a
Canadian-American Aerial Alliance against Japan” The Journal of
Military History 72, no. 3 (2008): 814.
10 J.L. Granatstein,
The Generals: The Canadian Army’s Senior Commanders in the
Second World War (Toronto: Stoddart, 1993), 83.
11 David A.
Lenarcic, “Bordering on War: A Comparison of Canadian and
American Neutralist Sentiment during the 1930s,” American Review
of Canadian Studies 24, no. 2 (1994): 224–225.
12 British
troops remained at Halifax and Esquimalt. J.L. Granatstein,
Canada’s Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 2002), 25.
13 Desmond Morton,
Ministers and Generals: Politics and the Canadian Militia,
1868–1904 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970), 3.
14
Richard A. Preston, Canada and “Imperial Defense”: A Study of
the Origins of the British Commonwealth’s Defense Organization,
1867–1919 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967), 44, 64.
15 Ibid., 63, 80.
16 Granatstein, Canada’s Army, 27.
17 Preston, Canada and “Imperial Defense”, 217.
18 Ibid.,
54, xiii.
19 Delaney, The Imperial Army Project, 34.
20
Granatstein, The Generals, 5.
21 Delaney, The Imperial Army
Project, 41, 74, 228
22 G.W.L. Nicholson, Official History of
the Canadian Army in the First World War: Canadian Expeditionary
Force 1914–1919, (Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of
Stationery, 1962), 212–213.
23 Pope, Soldiers and
Politicians, 24.
24 Nicholson, Official History of the
Canadian Army in the First World War, 29.
25 Ibid., 114,
145–147
26 Ian F.W. Beckett, “A Question of Command: GHQ and
the Dominions, 1917,” in Turning Point 1917: The British Empire
at War, eds. Douglas E. Delaney and Nikolas Gardner (Vancouver:
UBC Press, 2017), 90.
27 John Swettenham, McNaughton Volume
1 1887–1939, (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1968), 85.
28 Liddell
Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London,
Alanbrooke 2/1/10, “Letter from Col Horton 5 May 1917.”
29
John Nelson Rickard, The Politics of Command: Lieutenant-General
A.G.L. McNaughton and the Canadian Army, 1939–1943 (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 2010), 17.
30 Swettenham,
McNaughton, 75.
31 Nicholson, Official History of the
Canadian Army in the First World War, 283.
32 Ibid.,
285–297.
33 Delaney, Imperial Army Project, 157.
34
Stephen J. Harris, Canadian Brass: The Making of a Professional
Army 1860–1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988),
124.
35 Library and Archives Canada (hereafter LAC), A.W.
Currie fonds, MG 30 E 100, “Memoranda and Reports, 1914–1933”
series, volume 36, file “File 166 Proposed Reorganization of
Canadian Corps 1918”, page 2.
36 Ibid., memorandum
“Organization of the Canadian Corps in the Field”, page 1.
37 Nicholson, Official History of the Canadian Army in the First
World War, 379–382
38 Tim Cook, Shock Troops: Canadians
Fighting the Great War 1917–1918 Volume Two (Toronto: Penguin
Canada, 2008), 506–507.
39 Nicholson, Official History of
the Canadian Army in the First World War, 444–448.
40 LAC,
Currie fonds, MG 30 E 100, “Correspondence, 1915–1933” series,
volume 1, file “General Correspondence 1915–18 A-F 1”, letter
from A.W. Currie to R.L. Borden, 26 November 1918, page 1–3, 5.
41 Beckett, “A Question of Command,” 94.
42 Continuing
the trend of complicated title changes this position was the
same as the prewar Chief of General Staff of the Canadian
Militia. Currie was the only one to hold this title.
43 LAC,
Currie fonds, MG 30 E 100, “Correspondence, 1915–1933” series,
volume 2, file “General Correspondence 1915–18 S-Z 4”, letter
from A.W. Currie to W. Ridgway Wilson, 10 December 1918, page 2.
44 Ibid., page 3.
45 LAC, Currie fonds, MG 30 E 100,
“Memoranda and Reports, 1914–1933” series, volume 38, file
“Memoranda and Reports, January-July 1919”, memorandum “Canada’s
Future Military Policy Part II”, page 2, 3, 1.
46 LAC,
Currie fonds, MG 30 E 100, “Correspondence, 1915–1933” series,
volume 4, file “Correspondence General E-G 11”, letter from A.W.
Currie to George Farmer, l5 January 1920, page 1–3.
47 LAC,
Currie fonds, MG 30 E 100, “Correspondence, 1915–1933” series,
volume 10, file “Correspondence General H 29”, letter from A.W.
Currie to Douglas Haig, 27 April 1925, page 1.
48 Ibid.,
file “Correspondence General I-J 30”, Letter from A.W. Currie to
Edmund Ironside, 4 May 1930, page 2.
49 LAC, Currie fonds,
MG 30 E 100, “Correspondence, 1915–1933” series, volume 3, file
“1919 Correspondence General A-H 6”, letter from A.W. Currie to
A. Page Grubb, 18 July 1919.
50 LAC, Currie fonds, MG 30 E
100, “Correspondence, 1915–1933” series, volume 10, file
“Correspondence General K 31”, letter from A.W. Currie to W.L.M.
King, 1 April 1925, page 1–2.
51 C.P. Champion, The Strange
Demise of British Canada: The Liberals and Canadian Nationalism,
1964–1968 (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press,
2010), 110.
52 Harris, Canadian Brass, 145.
53 Norman
Hillmer “Defence and Ideology: The Anglo-Canadian Military
‘Alliance’ in the 1930s,” International Journal 33, no.3 (1978):
596.
54 Ibid., 204.
55 Paul Dickson, A Thoroughly
Canadian General: A Biography of General H.D.G. Crerar (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 2007), 73.
56 Mark Frost, “The
British and Indian Army Staff Colleges in the Interwar Years,”
in Military Education and the British Empire, 1815–1949, eds.
Douglas E. Delaney, Robert C. Engen, and Meghan Fitzpatrick
(Vancouver: UBC Press, 2018), 157–158.
57 Douglas E.
Delaney, Corps Commanders: Five British and Canadian Generals at
War, 1939–45 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2011), 3–4.
58 LAC,
A.G.L. McNaughton fonds, MG 30 E 133, “Canadian Army Overseas,
1921, 1939–1944” series, volume 222, file “PA 10–4”, General
McNaughton Biographies, page 6.
59 Swettenham, McNaughton,
193.
60 Pope, Soldiers and Politicians, 54. Granatstein, The
Generals, 16.
61 Dickson, A Thoroughly Canadian General, 73,
76. Delaney, The Imperial Army Project, 196.
62 Dickson, A
Thoroughly Canadian General, 78.
63 LAC, H.D.G. Crerar
fonds, MG30 E157, “Personal Correspondence, 1914–1964” series,
volume 18, file “Personal Correspondence 1931–32”, letter from
H.D.G. Crerar to G.G. Simonds, 12 January 1932. Granatstein, The
Generals, 16.
64 Tyler Wentzell, “Brigadier J.K. Lawson and
Command of “C” Force at Hong Kong,” Canadian Military History
20, no. 2 (2011): 20.
65 Pope, Soldiers and Politicians,
153.
66 Frost, British and Indian Army Staff Colleges, 169,
164. Granatstein, The Generals, 8.
67 David Fraser, And We
Shall Shock: The British Army in the Second World War (London:
Cassell Military Paperbacks, 2002), 103.
68 Andrew Stewart,
“‘Necessarily of an Experimental Character’: The Interwar Period
and the Imperial Defence College,” in Military Education and the
British Empire, 1815–1949, eds. Douglas E. Delaney, Robert C.
Engen, and Meghan Fitzpatrick (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2018), 196,
198.
69 LAC, McNaughton fonds, MG 30 E 133, “Inter-War
Years, 1919–1939” series, volume 106, file “Imperial Defence
College 1927 Notes”, Imperial Defence College Exercise No.10 The
Higher Direction of War Problem No. 1 Syndicate No.1, page 5.
70 LAC, McNaughton fonds, MG 30 E 133, “Inter-War Years,
1919–1939” series, volume 105, file “Imperial Defence College
1927 Notes”, Notes of A Debate on ‘The Principles of Imperial
Defence’ Wednesday 26 October 1927, page 1–2.
71 LAC,
McNaughton fonds, MG 30 E 133, “Inter-War Years, 1919–1939”
series, volume 106, file “Imperial Defence College Communication
with Canadian Defence Headquarter 1927–1928”, letter from A.G.L.
McNaughton to H.C. Thacker, 16 September 1927, page 2–3.
72
Ibid., 16 December 1927 Letter from A.G.L. McNaughton to H.C.
Thacker.
73 LAC, McNaughton fonds, MG 30 E 133, “Inter-War
Years, 1919–1939” series, volume 107, file “McNaughton, Personal
Change of Appointment Correspondence 1928–1929”, letter from
A.G.L. McNaughton to H.H.S. Knox, 22 January 1929.
74 Ibid.,
15 March 1929 Letter from A.G.L. McNaughton to G.C. Dickens, 1.
75 LAC, Crerar fonds, MG30 E157, “Personal Correspondence,
1914–1964” series, volume 18, file “Personal Correspondence
1933”, letter from H.D.G. Crerar to A.E. Grasett, 11 January
1933.
76 Dickson, A Thoroughly Canadian General, 164.
77
LAC, Crerar fonds, MG30 E157, “Chief of General Staff Files”
series, volume 1, file “958C.009 (D3) CGS file 1440–41 –
Appointments, Transfers, Reports etc to October 1939. Personal
Correspondence Pertaining to Appointments transfers, etc.”,
Imperial Defence College Confidential Report on Lieut.Col.
H.D.G. Crerar, 13 December 1934
78 Delaney, The Imperial
Army Project, 193–194.
79 Perras and Kellner, “A Perfectly
Logical and Sensible Thing,” 814.
80 Rickard, The Politics
of Command, 13.
81 LAC, Crerar fonds, MG30 E157, “Personal
Correspondence, 1914–1964” series, volume 22, file “958C.009
(D335) General Crerar’s Personal Papers – Appointments,
Transfers, Reports. October 1939-March 1942”, letter from A.G.L.
McNaughton to H.D.G Crerar, 5 August 1925, page 1.
82 LAC,
Crerar fonds, MG30 E157, “Personal Correspondence, 1914–1964”
series, volume 22, file “Semi-Official War Office”, letter from
A.G.L. McNaughton to H.D.G. Crerar, 22 July 1926, page 1.
83
LAC, McNaughton fonds, MG 30 E 133 II, “Inter-War Years,
1919–1939” series, volume 14, file “Earl of Bessborough 1931–”,
letter from A.G.L. McNaughton to A.F. Lascelles, 13 November
1934.
84 Dickson, A Thoroughly Canadian General, 36.
85
LAC, Crerar fonds, MG30 E157, “Chief of General Staff Files”
series, volume 11, file “Observations re S. of S. for War (UK)
statement re future Organization British Army. (HDGC to
Minister)”, letter from H.D.G. Crerar to Defence Minister, 14
March 1938, page 3.
86 LAC, Crerar fonds, MG30 E157,
“Personal Correspondence, 1914–1964” series, volume 22, file
“Personal Correspondence Semi-Official”, letter from H.D.G.
Crerar to T.V. Anderson, 5 February 1926, page 2.
87 Ibid.,
letter from H.D.G. Crerar to A.G.L. McNaughton, 23 May 1925.
88 H.D.G. Crerar, “The Development of Closer Relations between
the Military Forces of the Empire,” The Journal of the Royal
United Service Institution 71, no. 483 (1926): 446, 442, 445,
451.
89 Ibid., 453.
90 Delaney, The Imperial Army
Project, 183.
91 LAC, Crerar fonds, MG30 E157, “Personal
Correspondence, 1914–1964” series, volume 18, file “958C.009
(D381) General Crerar’s Personal Correspondence 1935, 1936 and
1937”, letter from H.D.G. Crerar to E.L.M. Burns, 4 January
1937.
92 Roger Sarty, “How C.P. Stacey Became the Army’s
Official Historian: The Writing of The Military Problems of
Canada. 1937–1940,” in Canada and the Second World War: Essays
in Honour of Terry Copp, eds. Geoffrey Hayes, Mike Bechthold,
and Matt Symes (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University,
2012), 146.
93 LAC, Crerar fonds, MG30 E157, “Royal Military
College Files, 1914–1939” series, volume 11, file “The Problems
of Canada Defence By ‘Canuck’”, pages 9, 14.
94 LAC, Crerar
fonds, MG30 E157, “Personal Correspondence, 1914–1964” series,
volume 18, file “958C.009 (D381) General Crerar’s Personal
Correspondence 1935, 1936 and 1937”, letter from H.D.G. Crerar
to Malcolm MacDonald, 24 June 1935.
95 LAC, Crerar fonds,
MG30 E157, “Royal Military College Files, 1914–1939” series,
volume 10, file “Liaison with Col. H.G. Eady, M.C., The War
Office”, letter from H.D.G. Crerar to H.G. Eady, 10 March 1938.
96 Ibid., 22 June 1936 Letter from H.D.G. Crerar to R.H.
Haining.
97 Dickson, A Thoroughly Canadian General, 116.
98 Sarty, “How C.P. Stacey Became the Army’s Official
Historian,” 141.
99 C.P. Stacey, A Date with History:
Memoirs of a Canadian Historian (Ottawa: Deneau Publishers,
1983), 63.
100 Sarty, “How C.P. Stacey Became the Army’s
Official Historian,” 139.
101 Brereton Greenhous, “C” Force
to Hong Kong: A Canadian Catastrophe, 1941–1945 (Toronto:
Dundurn Press, 1997), 19.